|
|common_name = the Sovereign Military Order of Malta |image_flag = Flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (variant).svg |symbol_type = Coat of arms |motto = |anthem = |official_languages = Italian, Latin |capital = Via dei Condotti, 68 |latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= |government_type = |leader_title1 = Prince and Grand Master |leader_name1 = Fra' Matthew Festing |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = Grand Chancellor |leader_name3 = Albrecht von Boeselager |sovereignty_type = |established_event1 = Established |established_date1 = Ca 1099 by Gerard Thom |established_event2 = Papal recognition of sovereignty |established_date2 = 1113 by Pope Paschal II |established_event3 = Kingdom of Jerusalem |established_date3 = Circa 1099-1291 |established_event4 = Cyprus |established_date4 = 1291-1310 |established_event5 = Rhodes |established_date5 = 1310-1523 |established_event6 = Malta |established_date6 = 1530-1798 |established_event7 = Rome |established_date7 = 1834- |official_website = |area_rank = |area_magnitude = |area_km2 = |area_sq_mi = |population_estimate = 3 citizens〔(Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 2008-12-26 by rob raeside ): "by agreement with the Italian government, citizens of the S.M.O.M. are limited to three: the Grand Master, the Deputy Grand Master, and the Chancellor. These carry S.M.O.M. passports. The numerous other members of the order remain citizens of their own respective countries."〕 13,000 members 80,000 volunteers〔 |currency = Maltese scudob |currency_code = |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |calling_code = |footnote_a = "Lieutenant ad Interim". |footnote_b = Euro for postage stamps. }} The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), ''Order of Malta'', is a Roman Catholic lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalrous and noble nature,〔(Mission of the Order ) - website Sovereign Order of Malta〕 founded circa 1048 in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, by Gerard Thom, as the world's oldest and surviving order of chivalry.〔Sainty, Guy Stair, ed. ''World Orders of Knighthood and Merit", ''Burke's'', August 2006.〕 Headquartered in Palazzo Malta in Rome, it is widely considered a sovereign subject of international law.〔(The Holy See, the Order of Malta and International Law ), Bo J. Theutenberg, ISBN 91-974235-6-4〕 The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is the modern continuation of the medieval Order of Saint John of Jerusalem founded in circa 1048,〔Joint Declaration of SMOM and the Alliance of the Orders of St John of Jerusalem, Rome, 22 October 2004.〕 tracing back to the Amalfitan hospital ''Fraternitas Hospitalaria'', founded circa 1050 in Jerusalem, Fatimid Caliphate, to provide care for sick and poor pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the members realized the need to become militarized to protect Christian interests and pilgrims against Muslim attacks and became chartered as a military order. The Order was formally recognised as sovereign in the year 1113 by Pope Paschal II, known as the Knights Hospitaller . Following the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to the Mamluk Sultanate, the order operated from Cyprus (1291-1310), Rhodes (1310–1523), Malta (1530–1798) over which it was sovereign, and from Palazzo Malta in Rome from 1834 until present day. Although its sovereign territory of the island of Malta (1530–1798) was lost due to the seizure by Napoleon Bonaparte, the Order moved to Rome and as such survived. It retains its claims of sovereignty under international law, including permanent observer status at the United Nations,〔(Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York ) official website. Retrieved 2010-08-02.〕 issuing its own international passports, currency and postal stamps with its formal white or gold Maltese cross insignia. The Order's military, three brigades, is stationed throughout Italy and is closely liaisoned with the Italian army. The Order venerates as patroness Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of ''"Our Lady of Mount Philermos"''. Today, the order has about 13,000 members, including Knights and Dames as well as auxiliary members; 80,000 permanent volunteers; and 20,000 medical personnel including doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics in more than 120 countries.〔 The purpose is to assist the children, homeless, handicapped, elderly, refugeed, those with terminal illness and leprosy around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion.〔As the order's website says, "Its programmes include medical and social assistance, disaster relief in the case of armed conflicts and natural catastrophes, emergency services and first aid corps, help for the elderly, the handicapped and children in need and the provision of first aid training, and support for refugees and internally displaced persons regardless of race, origin or religion."〕 In several countries, including France, Germany and Ireland, local associations of the order are important providers of medical emergency first aid services and training. Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and armed conflicts. == Name and insignia == The order has a large number of local priories and associations around the world, but there also exist a number of organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated, including numerous fraudulent (self-styled) orders seeking to capitalize on the name.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pseudo Orden und ihr Auftreten in Österreich 1996–2008 )〕 In the ecclesiastical heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms. (Laypersons have no such restriction.) The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for professed knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon.〔Noonan 1996〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sovereign Military Order of Malta」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|